Sunday, April 21, 2019

ELECTION FEVER GRIPS SOUTH AFRICA. HERE IS THE VOTERS GUIDE TO HELP YOU VOTE PROLIFE


ELECTION FEVER HAS GRIPPED SOUTH AFRICA, WITH PROTESTS ESCALATING AGAINST THE ABORTION LAW. On Wednesday 8th May 2019 South Africans will head to the polls.

Protection of the right to life of the unborn 
Prolife groups have been inundated with requests from prolife voters in an effort to determine which candidate in their area is supportive of the right to life of the unborn. 
Prolifers support the two separate entities approach in law which manages the pregnant woman and the fetus as two patients who require medical care [in the event that the patient presents the fetus as a patient].  [1] 

Legal appeals to Constitutional Court
Legal appeals to the Constitutional Court regarding abortion continue to be brought, such as:

  • Constitutional Court of South Africa Case CCT 138/15, in the matter between Debra Linde first applicant, Shelley Loots second applicant, Roslyn Matthee third applicant and Minister of Health of the Republic of South Africa respondent. Order dated 09 September 2015
  • Constitutional Court of South Africa Case CCT 258/17, in the matter between Debra Linda first applicant, Shelley Loots second applicant, Roslyn Matthee third applicant and Minister of Health of the Republic of South Africa respondent. Application for leave to appeal. Order dated 21 February 2018 [2]
  • Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Bill brought by Mrs Cheryllyn Dudley MP. Bill: To amend the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996, so as to amend a definition; to delete certain circumstances in which a pregnancy may be terminated; to ensure that a pregnant woman has access to ultrasound examinations and sufficient counselling to enable her to make a fully informed choice regarding the termination of her pregnancy; to ensure that the State promotes mandatory counselling; to repeal the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Act, 2004, and to provide for matters connected therewith. [3] 

Risks of abortion: breast cancer
Prolife voters have grave concerns regarding the risks of abortion to the health of the woman.
Dr Angela Lanfranchi, a breast cancer surgeon and researcher in New Jersey, said there are 34 statistically significant studies worldwide which support the link between abortion and an increased breast cancer risk: Alleged News. [4]
Dr Joel Brind, who has carried out research on abortion risks, in a study found a 58 percent to 108 percent increased risk of breast cancer for women who have abortions: Alleged News. [4]
Pro-choice director Punam Kumar Gill's documentary 'Hush' asked the question, 'Is there a link between abortion and breast cancer?' Alleged News. 
Director Gill discovered that studies from all over the world demonstrated a higher rate of breast cancer among women who have had abortions; Alleged News. [4]

 Risks of abortion: premature birth
Increasing body of research has found a link between abortion and premature birth; Alleged News. 
In Director Gill's documentary, she interviewed women who had multiple abortions, and later suffered from complications in their subsequent pregnancies; Alleged News.
One lady she interviewed lost ten children due to cervical incompetence: Alleged News. [4]

 Risks of abortion; suicide
Studies show the risk of suicide is elevated in women  after abortion; Alleged News.
Researchers in Finland interviewed 600 000 women for a study that showed that women who became pregnant and had abortions were six times more likely to commit suicide than women who carried their babies to term, Alleged News. [4]

SA illegal abortion rate alarmingly high
Another source of concern to prolifers is that South Africa's illegal abortion rate is alarmingly high despite abortion having been legalised. "Despite the fact that abortion is legal in South Africa, it is estimated that between 52% and 58% of the estimated 260 000 abortions that take place in South Africa every year are illegal. 
This came up during the Abortion and Reproductive Justice Conference underway in Makhanda in the Eastern Cape." [5] 
The legalisation of abortion in the country has - contrary to possible expectation at the outset - appeared to have neither diminished the rate nor risks of illegal abortions.
Proliferation of illegal abortion advertisement stickers in municipal public areas is noted by many. 

Pro-life stickers may lead to a sentence
The placing of pro-life stickers over illegal abortion stickers may lead to a sentence. 
"Cape Town Christian pro-life activist Peter Throp was today found guilty today of damaging municipal property and fined R5 000 or three months imprisonment, suspended for five years. Sentencing  him to double the R2 500 fine he received on September 30, 2012, for placing pro-life stickers over illegal abortion stickers, Parow Municipal Court Magistrate Phakama Madina said that a clear message must be sent to deter people from taking the law into their own hands," Alleged News. [6]

Women and men who regret abortion - breaking the silence
The untold story in South Africa is the very real regret and mourning many go through - often unaided - after an abortion.
Many are now taking to the media in order to express their anguish, and to counsel others to allow their infants to be born alive instead of choosing abortion.
Abort73.com Abortion Stories (South Africa) are unsolicited abortion stories from women and men who have gone through an abortion.
One poignant story explains, "...I decided to abort. It was a 10-minute procedure, but the pain I went through cannot amount to the pain I feel right now. Two years later and I'm still in mourning. I am filled with so much regret, and I can't even talk about it to other people. I still have the scan. I still carry it around; I wish I never went through with it. It is by far the worst decision I have ever made. I often wonder what it would be like, if it would have been a boy or girl, and if it would look like me or my boyfriend. My heart aches. Sadness has clouded over my heart, and I cannot even go a single day without thinking about it." [7]

Pro-lifers wave of protests
Recent protests have surged over South Africa: the spirit of ubuntu [the quality that includes the essential human virtues: compassion and humanity] is inspiring people to step forward with courage and strength to affirm: the people of Africa love babies. Really.
They are our joy for the present, the true wealth of our country and the hope for our future.

 Use the strength of your vote
Prolifers find it distressing to stand outside an abortion clinic, see a pregnant woman go in the front door, and a short while later a red-stained plastic bag being handed out another door into the dumpster awaiting the medical waste disposal. What pathos.
It is time for South Africans to use the strength of their vote to VOTE FOR LIFE.

 GENERAL ELECTION 2019 - USE YOUR VOTE TO PROTECT UNBORN LIFE
A South African Voters Guide has been made available for prolife voters in order that prolife candidates may be voted for in the upcoming elections.
Click in the link to find the Voters Guide which will help you to VOTE PROLIFE.
HERE IS THE VOTERS GUIDE
https://www.savotersguide.org/uploads/1/0/4/1/104153586/2019_voters_guide_-_english_2_page_rest_of_country.pdf



[1] Mother and Fetus: One entity or two separate entities? A study


[2] Matthee, Keith SC. The Emperor Has No Clothing. USA; Christian Lighthouse Publishing. 2018. Addenda 1, 2 and 3, pages 80 to 98

[3] Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Bill brought by Mrs Cheryllyn Dudley MP

[4] Texas gives women considering abortion a brochure confirming abortion raises breast cancer risk; Alleged News

[5] SA's illegal abortion rate alarmingly high; Alleged News
https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sas-illegal-abortion-rate-alarmingly-high

 [6] Pro-life sticker activist Throp 'gagged' with conviction and suspended sentence; Alleged News
https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sas-illegal-abortion-rate-alarmingly-high

 [7] Abort73.com Abortion Stories (South Africa); Alleged News

With thanks to savotersguide.org, pmg-assets, sanews.gove.za and abort73.com
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Sunday, April 14, 2019

MOTHER AND FETUS: ONE ENTITY OR TWO SEPARATE ENTITIES? A STUDY


THERE ARE TWO LEADING APPROACHES TO PREGNANCY IN LAW: PREGNANT WOMEN ARE VIEWED EITHER AS SINGLE ENTITIES OR TWO SEPARATE ENTITIES.
The single entity approach in law manages the pregnant woman and the fetus as one entity.
"The single entity approach means that "the fetus is simply part of the woman's body" and thus denies the unborn its "distinctiveness." The unborn is seen to be part of a woman's body in the same way that a room is part of a house; hence it is something merely akin to an organ that belongs to the body of a pregnant woman. Consequently, the single-entity approach withholds any vested and protectable interests or rights for as long as foetuses remain unborn."  [1] The unborn infant is denoted as the contents of the woman's uterus.

The two separate entities approach in law manages the pregnant woman and the fetus as two patients who require medical care [in the event that the patient presents the fetus as a patient]. 
"In the medical management of pregnant women, the woman and the fetus are sometimes seen as two patients who require medical care (in the event that the patients presents her fetus as a patient). [2] 

In law where pregnant woman and fetus are presented as one entity, legal consequences ensue.  The fetus may have no vested rights and prove unprotected under the Constitution or common law unless live birth occurs.



FETUS IN UTERO: UTERINE CONTENT OR INDIVIDUAL ENTITY? AN ANALYSIS
I. THE UNBORN INFANT DOES NOT ORIGINATE FROM THE FEMALE UTERUS
The unborn infant cannot simply be denoted as uterine content, since neither he nor she is either uterine-originated or-generated.
The female egg is originated within one of the two ovaries of the female reproductive system.
The male sperm is originated within the male reproductive system, and requires introduction into the female reproductive system.
According to the pattern instituted by nature, the female egg and the male sperm usually fuse with resultant fertilization within the ampulla of the fallopian tubes; thus forming a new life.

Thereafter the new zygotal infant travels from the fallopian tubes to the uterus, where implantation takes place. The zygotal infant does not simply constitute contents of the uterus. The newly conceived infant is unique and apart from the uterus: he or she is a traveller to the uterus where infant growth from conception until readiness for birth takes place. The birth process occurs from the uterus to the outside world.
The zygotal infant is not uterine tissue. He or she is a combination of female ovarian egg cell and male testes seminiferous tubules sperm cell. These two cells came together during conception or fertilization within the female fallopian tubes. Thereafter the newly conceived infant - in form of the early human developmental stage comprising ovum-sperm cells combination - independently travelled to the mother's uterine destination.
Thus the term uterine content for this miraculous new life is a misnomer.
"Life begins at Fertilization. The following references illustrate the fact that a new human embryo, the starting point for a human life, comes into existence with the formation of the one-celled zygote." [3]


II. ONE ENTITY, ONE DNA. TWO ENTITIES, TWO DNA
The body parts of a human female share the same genetic code.
In the 1980s, scientific advances allowed for the use of DNA as a mechanism for identification of an individual. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to make it possible to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic [identical] twins. 
During conception, the father's sperm cell and the mother's egg cell, each containing half the amount of DNA found in other body cells, meet and fuse to result in a fertilized egg called a zygote.
This zygote contains a complete set of DNA molecules, half from the father and half from the mother. [4]

The zygote divides and multiplies into an embryo, and subsequently into a fetus. In due course the fruit of conception [the unborn infant] is born either after the usual nine-month gestation period, or earlier due to premature birth or caesarean section.
At each stage of development, all the cells forming the unborn infant body contain the same DNA - half from the mother and half from the father.  This fact allows relationship-testing to use all types of samples including loose cells from the cheeks using buccal swabs, blood or other types of samples. [4]
Thus paternity testing enables identification of the father precisely due to the fact that the unborn infant is not a single entity with the mother with one set of DNA. This would prove inpossible if the unborn infant were of the same tissue as the surrounding uterus of the mother.
The widespread use in law of DNA testing to ascertain paternity is possible only because the infant both within the uterus and after birth has different, individual, and separate entity DNA to the maternal uterus.
Thus two separate DNAs clearly denote two separate individuals inseparably linked by the umbilical cord for the duration of gestation.

 The analogy of a single entity approach in which the unborn is seen to be part of a woman's body in the same way that a room is part of a house takes on new significance in the light of these scientific facts.
If the human female body is compared to a house and her female uterus to a room, then the contents of said room will belong to the landlady of the house except in the case of law when the landlady rents out the room. The contents of the rented room - by law -remain the property of the rentee from the beginning of the rental contract until the conclusion thereof. Upon the conclusion of the rental contract, the room contents are owned solely by the rentee - not the landlady - and the contents are taken by the rentee upon departure.


III. HUMAN CONCEPTION GENERATED BY MALE 
In all instances - whether by coitus, in-vitro fertilization or surrogacy - unborn babies are not solely generated by the mother within her uterus. The father's sperm is always essential for conception.
The unborn infant within the female uterus does not solely originate from the mother, but from both mother and father. This scientific fact proves that the unborn infant is not an extension of the uterus in the sense of uterine content. The infant is an individual generated by a male and co-created by a female during the miracle of human reproduction.



IV. XX MOTHER AND XY SON
The mother's egg cells possess X maternal chromosomes, while the sperm cells of the father contains approximately half X and half Y paternal chromosomes.
The sperm is the variable factor determining the gender of the new baby: a sperm carrying an X chromosome fuses with the egg's X chromosome to form an infant girl with individual DNA.
The newly fused zygote typically contains two sets of 23 chromosomes, thus totalling a typical profile of 46 chromosomes. [Some variations may at times occur]. The sets of chromosomes carry distinctive DNA.
The in utero infant thus has the following profile:
23 sets of chromosomes inherited from the mother plus
23 sets of chromosomes inherited from the father, which equals
46 sets of chromosomes entirely unique to the baby individual. [5] 


The mother's XX sets of 46 chromosomes thus differ from those of her unborn daughter.
The mother's XX chromosomes are not even the same gender when a paternal Y chromosome fertilizes her X egg cell.
The infant boy conceived within her and which is implanted in the uterus is XY - male gender as opposed to the maternal XX gender.
A female infant or infants, or a male infant or infants within utero with personal ownership of half paternal chromosomes distinctive from those of the mother do not form ongoing uterine content. 
They demonstrably form individual entity or entities from the body of the mother, inseparably linked by means of the umbilical cord to the mother for the period of gestation.
The infant or infants are dependent on the mother for gestation safely until birth.
V. MOTHER AND INFANT BLOOD TYPE DIFFERENCES
In many cases, the blood type of the unborn child is different from the blood type of the mother. The circulatory system of the mother is not directly connected to that of the fetus. 
The placenta functions as both respiratory system for the unborn child and a site of filtration for plasma nutrients and wastes. Water, oxygen, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and inorganic salts are freely diffused across the placenta.

Blood types are categorized as A, B and O, and identified by either a positive or negative Rh factor. If an unborn baby's blood is incompatable with the mother's blood, complications may occur. A common form of blood type incompatability is Rh disease. 

The Rh factor is a protein on the covering of red blood cells. If the Rh factor protein is present, the person is Rh positive. If the Rh factor protein is not present, the person is Rh negative.
When the mother's Rh factor is negative while that of her unborn infant is positive, this can cause the mother's immune system to manufacture Rh antibodies that attack the baby's red blood cells as foreign. Other maternal antibodies which may develop and cause complications include anti-Kell, anti-E, anti-jka and anti-fya. 

Blood type incompatability between mother and infant only becomes a problem when a mother develops antibodies against her baby's blood cells. These antibodies do not develop until a mother is 'sensitized', which process occurs when the mother and baby's blood becomes mixed during pregnancy. This can happen if the baby's blood crosses the placenta or during certain invasive prenatal tests, trauma or birth. Sensitization can cause complications with future pregnancies, [6] Medical consultation and specialist obstetric care can assist in these cases.

 VI. HIV-POSITIVE MOTHER MAY HAVE HIV-NEGATIVE INFANT
Oliver Bacon MD explained that two HIV-positive parents may have an HIV-negative child. [7] In the paper by James McIntyre 'HIV in Pregnancy: A Review', reported rates of transmission of HIV from mother to child ranged from about 15% to 25% in Europe and the USA to 25% to 40% in some African and Asian studies. [8] At times the situation thus arises that an HIV-positive mother may be pregnant with an HIV-negative unborn baby. The diagnosis tragically affecting the mother in such case does not affect the unborn infant.This clearly indicates that the mother and the unborn child are different individuals with different HIV status.



VII. MOTHER AND INFANT MAY HAVE DIFFERING ANCESTRY:
The mother has distinctive ancestry or mixed-ancestry. The father may be of the same ancestry or mixed ancestry, or of another ancestry or mixed-ancestry. The unborn infant will inherit the gift of mixed ancestral heritages from both mother and father, which may be different from the mother's ancestral heritage. In such case, the mother carries within her another individual with a different ancestry to her own.

VIII. ONE BRAIN, ONE ENTITY; TWO BRAINS, TWO ENTITIES
The mother has her personal brain. The unborn infant or infants within her - if gestation is progressing normally - has his or her personal brain or brains. One individual or single entity according to the norm of nature in female homo sapiens owns one brain. One brain denotes one individual or single entity. Two brains denote two individuals or two entities. The unborn infant is thus an individual being with a brain, distinct from the body of the mother.

 IX. TWO HEARTS WITH DIFFERENT HEART RATES: TWO ENTITIES
The mother has her personal heart and heartbeat. The unborn infant has his or her own personal heart and heartbeat. A normal resting heart rate for an adult ranges from 60 to 100 beats a minute. [9]
A fetus' heart rate usually ranges between 110 and 160 beats per minute, but it can vary throughout pregnancy. The unborn baby's heart can increase to 170 bpm [beats per minute]. [10]
Two hearts: two individuals.

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
One set of female reproductive organs is owned by the mother.
Within pregnancy, a further set or sets of reproductive organs occur which are the personal property of the fetus within the womb.

For the purpose of this study, let us posit the mother is pregnant with triplets: two of whom are female, and the third male. The mother possesses her personal female reproductive organs. Within her uterus a further three sets of reproductive organs will be found with varying patterns, two female and one male set.
These further reproductive organs are no extension of the maternal body, but the individual possessions of three further human individuals developing in utero.
Thus [except in the case of maternal hermaphroditism], the one set of the mother's female reproductive organs denote one entity. Two or more sets of reproductive organs [inclusive of fetal hermaphroditism] clearly indicates two or more entities.

MATERNAL OR FETAL DEATH
In the case of maternal death, where the entire body of the mother becomes deceased, the unborn infant may be saved and live through a procedure such as the emergency removal from uterus by caesarean section.
This would not be possible if the infant were truly indivisible uterine tissue content of the mother: in such a case, the single entity uterine tissue would die in totalis with the mother.
In the case of an unsolicited uterine fetal death, in which the entire body of the unborn baby spontaneously becomes deceased, the mother generally survives. However, depending on the circumstances, maternal complications may arise from the event such as sepsis. Emergency removal of the deceased unborn child from the maternal uterus may be indicated in order to safeguard the life of the mother from death pursuant to sepsis from undiagnosed fetal intra-uterine demise.
One mother, one life.  One mother and one individual unborn infant, two lives, both with differing prognosis in the event of tragedy and untimely death.



FETUS IN UTERO: UTERINE CONTENT OR INDIVIDUAL ENTITY?
Anatomically and physiologically the fetus in utero is an individual entity apart from the mother, inseparably connected to the mother by means of the placenta and umbilical cord for the duration of the gestation or pregnancy.
There does not exist one single entity of mother inclusive of uterine content, but two single entities of mother and unborn infant.

 This is demonstrably true due to:
1.  The mother's uterus does not manufacture the unborn baby as zygotal content. The unborn infant's body originates in the female maternal ovary and paternal testes seminiferous tubules. The egg cell from the female ovary and sperm cell from the male seminiferous tubules meet and fertilize within the maternal fallopian tubes. Thereafter the new infant travels to the  destination of the uterus.
Conclusion: The ovum and sperm do not originate within the uterus. What does not begin within the uterus at no time becomes the uterus. The unborn infant did not spontaneously generate from uterine tissue. What scientifically occurs is that the unborn infant individual travels to the uterus for the duration of pregnancy in order to be protected during the natural growth cycle of the defenceless new human

 2. The mother has unique DNA inherited from her parents. The unborn infant has different DNA inherited from his or her parents, one of whom is the mother

 3. The mother has female gender. The unborn infant may be female: if so, she will have XX chromosomes differing to that of her mother. If the unborn infant is male, he will have different gender XY chromosomes to the XX chromosomes of the mother

 4. The mother has her own heart and blood circulation. The unborn infant has his or her own heart and blood circulation. Both  have differing heart rates

 5. The mother has one blood group and Rhesus factor. The unborn infant may have a different blood group and different Rhesus factor

 6. The mother has her ancestry. The unborn infant may have a different mixed ancestry 

 7. The mother has one set of female reproductive organs. The unborn infant has one set of male or female reproductive organs distinct from that of the mother

 8. The mother has one brain. The unborn infant has his or her own brain.


CONCLUSION
One separate entity [the mother] with uterine content would anatomically, physiologically and scientifically have the following characteristics:
- One maternal body, one DNA throughout body and all uterine contents
- One maternal body, one gender throughout body and all uterine contents
- One maternal body with one heart and heartbeat, as well as one circulatory system throughout body and all uterine contents
- One maternal body, one blood type and Rhesus factor throughout body and all uterine contents
- One maternal body, one ancestry throughout body and all uterine contents
- In the case of HIV diagnosis, one maternal body with one HIV diagnosis throughout body and all uterine contents



Anatomical, physiological and scientific facts reveal the following reality within pregnancy:
- One maternal body with individual DNA which is inseparably connected by placenta and umbilical cord to one or more unborn infant body or bodies with different DNA
- One maternal body with usually female gender [unless hermaphrodite], which is inseparably connected by placenta and umbilical cord to one or more unborn infant body or bodies with either differing XX chromosomes, or different XY male gender
- One maternal body with individual heart and heart rate, which is inseparably connected by placenta and umbilical cord to one or more unborn infant body or bodies with different individual heart or hearts and differing heart rates
- One maternal body with individual circulatory system, which is inseparably connected by placenta and umbilical cord to one or more unborn infant body or bodies with different individual circulatory blood system or systems
- One maternal body with individual blood type and Rhesus factor, inseparably connected by placenta and umbilical cord to one or more unborn infant body or bodies with possibly differing individual blood type or types and differing Rhesus factors
- One maternal body with individual ancestry or mixed-ancestry, inseparably connected by placenta and umbilical cord to one or more unborn infant body or bodies with same ancestry or possibly differing individual mixed ancestry
- In the case of HIV diagnosis one maternal body with HIV positive diagnosis, inseparably connected by placenta and umbilical cord to one or more unborn infant body or bodies with HIV negative diagnosis


Therefore: it would be a possible medico-legal hazard and dangerous for the health of mother and unborn baby to assume that the unborn infant is uterine content without taking into account the anatomical and physiological differences between the two separate entities inseparably linked for the period of gestation by the placenta and umbilical cord.
This could have tragic consequences for the successful outcome of a live and safe birth for both mother and infant or infants, if the very real factors arising from two entity patient care [id est, mother and unborn child or children] are not taken into consideration and immediately acted upon in healthcare terms.


The infant is not uterine content: the infant is temporary uterine dweller in the miracle of a new life being gifted to our world by Almighty God.

Disclaimer; The information on this post is meant for information only. The information is not meant to replace your Doctor or Health professional care                                                                                                                                                                          

REFERENCES

[1] Pickles, C. Approaches to pregnancy under the law; a relational response to the current South African position and recent academic trends. De Jure (Pretoria) vol.47 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2014

 [2] Du Toit-Prinsloo, L., Pickles, C. & Lombard, H. Evaluating current knowledge of legislation and practice of obstetricians and gynaecologists in the management of fetal remains in South Africa. SAMJ South African Medical Journal vol. 106 n.4, Cape Town Apr 2016
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-95742016000400032

 [3] Life begins at Fertilization. Princeton-edu. Accessed 22 March 2019

[4] DNA Profiling

[5] Mey, L., Whittle, C.N. & Whittle, L. Value-based sexual expression. 21-23.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_JEo1vAsAPsdGJxUE1mdVRBdUk/view


[6] Blood type incompatability, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 2019. Accessed on 3/5/2019. 
https://www.chw.org/medical-care/fetal-concerns-center/conditions/pregnancy-complications/blood-type-incompatibility


[7] HIV/AIDS. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Oliver Bacon MD 2007; last reviewed and updated by Susa Coffey MD. 
https://www.hiv.va.gov/patient/faqs/hiv-positive-parents-having-hiv-negative-child.asp

 [8] McIntyre, J. HIV in Pregnancy: A Review. Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand. 1998
http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc151-hiv-in-pregnancy_en_1.pdf

[9] Laskowski, E., M.D. Mayo Clinic. What's a normal resting heart rate? 2019
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/expert-answers/heart-rate/faq-20057979

[10] LiveWell. Fetal Heart Rate 101. Are you listening? Your baby's heartbeat speaks volumes. 2016
https://www.unitypoint.org/livewell/article.aspx?id=ea6a401d-c961-457a-987f-04ff9e7c5019


With thanks to scielo.org.za, princeton.edu, wikipedia, chw.org, hiv.va.gov, unaids.org, mayoclinic.org and unitypoint.org




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